[Gender and metabolic control of type 2 diabetes among primary care patients]. / Género y control de diabetes mellitus 2 en pacientes de primer nivel de atención.

INTRODUCTION: removing the biological perspective of the sexual differences and understanding the asymmetries related to diabetes, lead to define situations of benefit or deterioration of the population's health. OBJECTIVE: to analyze gender situations related to self-care and control of type 2 diabetes in primary care patients. METHODS: we conducted a descriptive observational study in 620 patients with diabetes at the family medicine clinic number 3 of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Guadalajara, Mexico. Three groups each with 79 women and 54 men were integrated. Gender situation was valued by means of questionnaires. Data were tested using the multiple correspondences analysis in seven situations of susceptibility. The comparison included the analysis with Snedecor's F distribution and chi2. RESULTS: women have several social disadvantages, deterioration of healthy life, poor self-care and lack of solidarity that increases their vulnerability to reach glycemic control successfully to avert complications. CONCLUSIONS: continuing investigating about the gender situation as the main driver to design specific actions to provide integrated care, should focus to supporting women's self care in general and glycemic control of diabetic women in particular.

[Mortality from contact with poisonous snakes and lizards in Mexico from 1979 to 2003]. / Mortalidad por contacto traumático con serpiente y lagarto venenosos. México, 1979-2003.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trend of standardized mortality by contact with poisonous snakes and lizards in Mexico from 1979 to 2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe the standardized mortality trend by contact with poisonous snakes and lizards occurring in Mexico from 1979 to 2003, and report the mortality data bases from the INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática). We determined frequencies, percentages, mortality rates, standardized mortality rates and mortality relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The general trend shows a statistically significant descent of 63.8%. The highest mortality rate within the 2000-2003 period was reported in Quintana Roo (7.47/1,000,000), Oaxaca (4.01/1,000,000), Veracruz (1.56/1,000,000), Chiapas (1.48/1,000,000), Campeche (1.43/1,000,000) and Yucatan (1.29/1,000,000). The groups with the highest risk are those older than 60 years and males. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the detected decrease in mortality, the contact with poisonous snakes and lizards still is a public health problem in Mexico. As timely treatment saves lives, it is necessary to include and offer treatment in all emergency units of the country.

Mortalidad por contacto traumático con serpiente y lagarto venenosos: México, 1979-2003 / Mortality from contact with poisonous snakes and lizards in Mexico from 1979 to 2003

Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de mortalidad tanto a nivel nacional como estatal causada por la mordedura de víbora y de lagarto venenoso en México, durante los años 1979 a 2003. Material y métodos: Se describe la tendencia de la mortalidad estandarizada por mordedura de víbora y lagarto venenosos registrada en México durante el periodo 1979-2003, en todo el país y en cada uno de los estados de la federación. Las defunciones se obtuvieron de las bases de datos de mortalidad del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI). Se determinaron frecuencias, porcentajes, tasas crudas, tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad y riesgos relativos de mortalidad con intervalos de confianza a 95%. Resultados: La tendencia de la mortalidad por mordedura de víbora y lagarto venenosos muestra un descenso significativo de 63.5%. La mayor mortalidad por mordedura de víbora y lagarto venenosos se presenta en el sureste del país. Los estados con la mayor mortalidad en el trienio 2001-2003 fueron: Quintana Roo (7.47/1’000,000 de habitantes), Oaxaca (4.01/1’000,000), Veracruz (1.56/1’000,000), Chiapas (1.48/1’000,000), Campeche (1.43/1’000,000) y Yucatán (1.29/1’000,000). Los grupos con mayor riesgo fueron los mayores de 60 años y los del sexo masculino. Conclusiones: Resulta conveniente brindar en México servicios de atención antiviperina médica de emergencia, para evitar la mortalidad causada por contacto traumático con estos reptiles, a pesar de la disminución en los decesos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trend of standardized mortality by contact with poisonous snakes and lizards in Mexico from 1979 to 2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe the standardized mortality trend by contact with poisonous snakes and lizards occurring in Mexico from 1979 to 2003, and report the mortality data bases from the INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática). We determined frequencies, percentages, mortality rates, standardized mortality rates and mortality relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The general trend shows a statistically significant descent of 63.8%. The highest mortality rate within the 2000-2003 period was reported in Quintana Roo (7.47/1,000,000), Oaxaca (4.01/1,000,000), Veracruz (1.56/1,000,000), Chiapas (1.48/1,000,000), Campeche (1.43/1,000,000) and Yucatan (1.29/1,000,000). The groups with the highest risk are those older than 60 years and males. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the detected decrease in mortality, the contact with poisonous snakes and lizards still is a public health problem in Mexico. As timely treatment saves lives, it is necessary to include and offer treatment in all emergency units of the country.